掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Reactive sulfur species (RSS) play a role in redox homeostasis; however, adaptive cell responses to excessive intracellular RSS are not well understood. Therefore, in this study, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) to produce excessive RSS. Contrary to expectations, tissue concentrations of RSS, such as cysteine persulfide (CysSSH), were comparable in both wild-type and CSE Tg mice, but the plasma concentrations of CysSSH were significantly higher in CSE Tg mice than in wild-type mice. This export of surplus intracellular RSS was also observed in primary hepatocytes of CSE Tg mice. Exposure of primary hepatocytes to the RSS generator sodium tetrasulfide (Na2S4) resulted in an initial increase in the intracellular concentration of RSS, which later returned to basal levels after export into the extracellular space. Interestingly, among all amino acids, cystine (CysSSCys) was found to be essential for CysSSH export from primary mouse hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and HEK293 cells during Na2S4 exposure, suggesting that the cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) contributes, at least partially, to CysSSH export. We established HepG2 cell lines with knockout and overexpression of SLC7A11 and used them to confirm SLC7A11 as the predominant antiporter of CysSSCys and CysSSH. We observed that the poor efflux of excess CysSSH from the cell enhanced cellular stresses induced by Na2S4 exposure, such as polysulfidation of intracellular proteins, mitochondrial damage, and cytotoxicity. These results suggest the presence of a cellular response to excess intracellular RSS that involves the extracellular efflux of excess CysSSH by a cystine-dependent transporter to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102514

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Capillary arterialization, characterized by the coverage of pre-existing or nascent capillary vessels with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is critical for the development of collateral arterioles to improve post-ischaemic blood flow. We previously demonstrated that the inhibition of transient receptor potential 6 subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6) channels facilitate contractile differentiation of VSMCs under ischaemic stress. We here investigated whether TRPC6 inhibition promotes post-ischaemic blood flow recovery through capillary arterialization in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Mice were subjected to hindlimb ischaemia by ligating left femoral artery. The recovery rate of peripheral blood flow was calculated by the ratio of ischaemic left leg to non-ischaemic right one. The number and diameter of blood vessels were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Expression and phosphorylation levels of TRPC6 proteins were determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS: Although the post-ischaemic blood flow recovery is reportedly dependent on endothelium-dependent relaxing factors, systemic TRPC6 deletion significantly promoted blood flow recovery under the condition that nitric oxide or prostacyclin production were inhibited, accompanying capillary arterialization. Cilostazol, a clinically approved drug for peripheral arterial disease, facilitates blood flow recovery by inactivating TRPC6 via phosphorylation at Thr69 in VSMCs. Furthermore, inhibition of TRPC6 channel activity by pyrazole-2 (Pyr2; BTP2; YM-58483) promoted post-ischaemic blood flow recovery in Apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Suppression of TRPC6 channel activity in VSMCs could be a new strategy for the improvement of post-ischaemic peripheral blood circulation.

DOI： 10.1111/bph.15942

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains prevalent worldwide since its onset was confirmed in Wuhan, China in 2019. Vaccines against the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have shown a preventive effect against the onset and severity of COVID-19, and social and economic activities are gradually recovering. However, the presence of vaccine-resistant variants has been reported, and the development of therapeutic agents for patients with severe COVID-19 and related sequelae remains urgent. Drug repurposing, also called drug repositioning or eco-pharma, is the strategy of using previously approved and safe drugs for a therapeutic indication that is different from their original indication. The risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality increases with advancing age, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. We have reported three protein-protein interactions that are related to heart failure, and recently identified that one mechanism increases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mammalian cells. This review outlines the global efforts and outcomes of drug repurposing research for the treatment of severe COVID-19. It also discusses our recent finding of a new protein-protein interaction that is common to COVID-19 aggravation and heart failure.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.04.007

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Retarded revascularization after progressive occlusion of large conductance arteries is a major cause of bad prognosis for peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, pharmacological treatment for PAD is still limited. We previously reported that suppression of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 6 channel activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) facilitates VSMC differentiation without affecting proliferation and migration. In this study, we found that 1-benzilpiperadine derivative (1-BP), a selective inhibitor for TRPC3 and TRPC6 channel activities, induced VSMC differentiation. 1-BP-treated mice showed increased capillary arterialization and improvement of peripheral circulation and skeletal muscle mass after hind-limb ischemia (HLI) in mice. 1-BP had no additive effect on the facilitation of blood flow recovery after HLI in TRPC6-deficient mice, suggesting that suppression of TRPC6 underlies facilitation of the blood flow recovery by 1-BP. 1-BP also improved vascular nitric oxide bioavailability and blood flow recovery after HLI in hypercholesterolemic mice with endothelial dysfunction, suggesting the retrograde interaction from VSMCs to endothelium. These results suggest that 1-BP becomes a potential seed for PAD treatments that target vascular TRPC6 channels.

DOI： 10.3390/cells11132041

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

[Figure: see text].

DOI： 10.1126/scisignal.abj0644

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Interleukin (IL)-19, a member of the IL-10 family, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by macrophages. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that has progressed from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. We evaluated the functions of IL-19 in a NAFLD/NASH mouse model using a 60% high fat diet with 0.1% methionine, without choline, and with 2% cholesterol (CDAHFD). Wild-type (WT) and IL-19 gene-deficient (KO) mice were fed a CDAHFD or standard diet for 9 weeks. Liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis induced by CDAHFD were significantly worse in IL-19 KO mice than in WT mice. IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β were significantly higher in IL-19 KO mice than in WT mice. As a mechanism using an in vitro experiment, palmitate-induced triglyceride and cholesterol contents were decreased by the addition of IL-19 in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, addition of IL-19 decreased the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related enzymes and increased ATP content in HepG2 cells. The action of IL-19 in vitro suppressed lipid metabolism. In conclusion, IL-19 may play an important role in the development of steatosis and fibrosis by directly regulating liver metabolism and may be a potential target for the treatment of liver diseases.

DOI： 10.3390/cells10123513

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Although oxidized phosphatidylcholines (oxPCs) play critical roles in numerous pathological events, the type and production sites of endogenous oxPCs remain unknown because of the lack of structural information and dedicated analytical methods. Herein, a library of 465 oxPCs is constructed using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based non-targeted analytical methods and employed to detect 70 oxPCs in mice with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. We show that doubly oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-PCs (PC PUFA;O2), containing epoxy and hydroxide groups, are generated in the early phase of liver injury. Hybridization with in-vivo 18O labeling and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem MS imaging reveals that PC PUFA;O2 are accumulated in cytochrome P450 2E1-expressing and glutathione-depleted hepatocytes, which are the major sites of liver injury. The developed library and visualization methodology should facilitate the characterization of specific lipid peroxidation events and enhance our understanding of their physiological and pathological significance in lipid peroxidation-related diseases.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-021-26633-w

PubMed

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that has progressed from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Two transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) subfamily members, TRPC3 and TRPC6 (TRPC3/6), reportedly participate in the development of fibrosis in cardiovascular and renal systems. We hypothesized that TRPC3/6 may also participate in NASH fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of TRPC3 or TRPC6 functional deficiency in a NASH mouse model using choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Wild-type (WT) and TRPC3 or TRPC6 gene-deficient (KO) mice were fed with CDAHFD or standard diet for 6 weeks. The CDAHFD-induced body weight loss in TRPC6 KO mice was significantly lower compared with WT mice with CDAHFD. CDAHFD treatment significantly increased TRPC3 mRNA expression level and tissue weight in WT liver, which were suppressed in TRPC3 KO mice. However, either systemic deletion of TRPC3 or TRPC6 failed to attenuate liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. These results imply that TRPC3 and TRPC6 are unlikely to be involved in liver dysfunction and fibrosis of NASH model mice.

DOI： 10.1248/bpb.b20-00903

PubMed

Transient receptor potential canonical(TRPC)3/6は非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)線維症に関与していると考え、コリン欠乏高脂肪食(CDAHFD)を用いて、NASHモデルマウスにおけるTRPC3またはTRPC6の機能欠損の影響を調べた。野生型(WT)およびTRPC3またはTRPC6遺伝子欠損(KO)マウスに、CDAHFDまたは標準食を6週間与えた。CDAHFDによる体重減少は、TRPC6KOマウスでWTマウスより有意に少なかった。CDAHFD投与により、WTマウスの肝臓におけるTRPC3mRNA発現レベルと組織重量は有意に増加したが、TRPC3KOマウスでは抑制された。しかし、TRPC3またはTRPC6の欠失は、脂肪肝、炎症および線維症の発症を軽減しなかった。以上より、TRPC3/6がNASHモデルマウスの肝機能障害や線維症に関与する可能性は低いと考えられた。

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

Excessive stress response causes disability in social life. There are many diseases caused by stress, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, depression, eating disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels underlie non-selective cation currents and are downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptors. Ca2+ influx is important for smooth muscle contraction, which is responsible for gastrointestinal motility. Little is known about the possible involvement of TRP channels in the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in gastrointestinal motility caused by stress and to elucidate the mechanism of these changes. The stress model used the water immersion restraint stress. Gastrointestinal motility, especially the ileum, was recorded responses to electric field stimulation (EFS) by isometric transducer. EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Even under the conditions treated with atropine, EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. In addition, carbachol-induced, neurokinin A-induced, and substance P-induced contractions were all significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Furthermore, the expression of TRPC3 was decreased in the ileum of stressed mouse. These results suggest that the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress is associated with specific non-selective cation channel.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.20-0490

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Cardiac tissue remodeling caused by hemodynamic overload is a major clinical outcome of heart failure. Uridine-responsive purinergic P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) contributes to the progression of cardiovascular remodeling in rodents, but it is not known whether inhibition of P2Y6R prevents or promotes heart failure. We demonstrate that inhibition of P2Y6R promotes pressure overload-induced sudden death and heart failure in mice. In neonatal cardiomyocytes, knockdown of P2Y6R significantly attenuated hypertrophic growth and cell death caused by hypotonic stimulation, indicating the involvement of P2Y6R in mechanical stress-induced myocardial dysfunction. Unexpectedly, compared with wild-type mice, deletion of P2Y6R promoted pressure overload-induced sudden death, as well as cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of P2Y6R also exhibited cardiac dysfunction and severe fibrosis. In contrast, P2Y6R deletion had little impact on oxidative stress-mediated cardiac dysfunction induced by doxorubicin treatment. These findings provide overwhelming evidence that systemic inhibition of P2Y6R exacerbates pressure overload-induced heart failure in mice, although P2Y6R in cardiomyocytes contributes to the progression of cardiac fibrosis.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-70956-5

PubMed

国際・国内誌：国内誌  

Interleukin (IL)-19 is a cytokine of the IL-10 family. There are many reports on the involvement of IL-19 in several human diseases. There also are many reports elucidating the role of IL-19 using mouse disease models. Most reports use C57BL/6 mice, whereas few reports use BALB/c mice, in terms of the mouse disease model that the researchers used in the present study. To date, research on the role of IL-19 is diversified, yet some basic mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyI:C, and CpG to BALB/c mice, measured more than 20 cytokines in the blood and compared them with that of the wild-type and IL-19-deficient (IL-19 KO) mice. LPS is associated with bacterial infection, polyI:C is associated with viral infection, and CpG is associated with both bacterial and viral infections. Among the cytokines measured, the results of experiments using LPS revealed that the production of some cytokines was suppressed in IL-19 KO mice. Interestingly, the experiments using polyI:C revealed that production of some cytokines was enhanced in IL-19 KO mice. However, the experiments using CpG have shown that the production of only one cytokine was enhanced in IL-19 KO mice. These results revealed that cytokine production in the blood was regulated by IL-19, and the type of regulation was dependent on the administered stimulant.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.20-0137

PubMed

国際・国内誌：国際誌  

BACKGROUND: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, especially canonical TRP channel subfamily members 3 (TRPC3) and 6 (TRPC6), have attracted attention as a putative therapeutic target of heart | 1 failure. Moreover, TRPC3 and TRPC6 channels are physiologically important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. How TRPC3/C6 channels alter intracellular signaling from adaptation to maladaptation has been discussed for many years. We recently showed that formation of a protein signal complex between TRPC3 and NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 caused by environmental stresses (e.g., hypoxia, nutritional deficiency, and anticancer drug treatment) promotes Nox2-dependent reactive oxygen species production and cardiac stiffness, including myocardial atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, in rodents. In fact, pharmacological prevention of the TRPC3-Nox2 protein complex can maintain cardiac flexibility in mice after anti-cancer drug treatment. CONCLUSION: In this mini-review, we discuss the relationship between TRPC3/C6 channels and cardiovascular disease, and propose a new therapeutic strategy by focusing on pathology-specific protein- protein interactions.

DOI： 10.2174/1874467213666200407090121

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

A growing body of evidence suggests that exercise shows pleiotropic effects on the maintenance of systemic homeostasis through mitochondria. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamism is associated with metabolic inflexibility, resulting in many of the metabolic diseases and aging. Studies have suggested that exercise prevents and delays the progression of mitochondrial dysfunction by improving mitochondrial metabolism, biogenesis, and quality control. Exercise modulates functions of mitochondrial dynamics-regulating proteins through post-translational modification mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the putative mechanisms underlying maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis by exercise, especially focusing on the post-translational modifications of several signaling proteins contributing to mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy or mitophagy flux, and fission/fusion cycle. We also introduce novel small molecules that can potentially mimic exercise therapy through preserving mitochondrial dynamism. These recent advancements in the field of mitochondrial biology may lead to a greater understanding of exercise signaling.

DOI： 10.1007/s00424-019-02258-3

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.12997/jla.2020.9.1.124

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play critical roles in the stability and tonic regulation of vascular homeostasis. VSMCs can switch back and forth between highly proliferative synthetic and fully differentiated contractile phenotypes in response to changes in the vessel environment. Although abnormal phenotypic switching of VSMCs is a hallmark of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty, how control of VSMC phenotypic switching is dysregulated in pathologic conditions remains obscure. We found that inhibition of canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channels facilitated contractile differentiation of VSMCs through plasma membrane hyperpolarization. TRPC6-deficient VSMCs exhibited more polarized resting membrane potentials and higher protein kinase B (Akt) activity than wild-type VSMCs in response to TGF-β1 stimulation. Ischemic stress elicited by oxygen-glucose deprivation suppressed TGF-β1-induced hyperpolarization and VSMC differentiation, but this effect was abolished by TRPC6 deletion. TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ influx and depolarization coordinately promoted the interaction of TRPC6 with lipid phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of Akt activation. Given the marked up-regulation of TRPC6 observed in vascular disorders, our findings suggest that attenuation of TRPC6 channel activity in pathologic VSMCs could be a rational strategy to maintain vascular quality control by fine-tuning of VSMC phenotypic switching.-Numaga-Tomita, T., Shimauchi, T., Oda, S., Tanaka, T., Nishiyama, K., Nishimura, A., Birnbaumer, L., Mori, Y., Nishida, M. TRPC6 regulates phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells through plasma membrane potential-dependent coupling with PTEN.

DOI： 10.1096/fj.201802811R

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Doxorubicin is a highly effective anticancer agent but eventually induces cardiotoxicity associated with increased production of ROS. We previously reported that a pathological protein interaction between TRPC3 channels and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) contributed to doxorubicin-induced cardiac atrophy in mice. Here we have investigated the effects of ibudilast, a drug already approved for clinical use and known to block doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity, on the TRPC3-Nox2 complex. We specifically sought evidence that this drug attenuated doxorubicin-induced systemic tissue wasting in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line to screen 1,271 clinically approved chemical compounds, evaluating functional interactions between TRPC3 channels and Nox2, by measuring Nox2 protein stability and ROS production, with and without exposure to doxorubicin. In male C57BL/6 mice, samples of cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle were taken and analysed with morphometric, immunohistochemical, RT-PCR and western blot methods. In the passive smoking model, cells were exposed to DMEM containing cigarette sidestream smoke. KEY RESULTS: Ibudilast, an anti-asthmatic drug, attenuated ROS-mediated muscle toxicity induced by doxorubicin treatment or passive smoking, by inhibiting the functional interactions between TRPC3 channels and Nox2, without reducing TRPC3 channel activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results indicate a common mechanism underlying induction of systemic tissue wasting by doxorubicin. They also suggest that ibudilast could be repurposed to prevent muscle toxicity caused by anticancer drugs or passive smoking.

DOI： 10.1111/bph.14777

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Myocardial atrophy, characterized by the decreases in size and contractility of cardiomyocytes, is caused by severe malnutrition and/or mechanical unloading. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), known as a danger signal, is recognized to negatively regulate cell volume. However, it is obscure whether extracellular ATP contributes to cardiomyocyte atrophy. Here, we report that ATP induces atrophy of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) without cell death through P2Y2 receptors. ATP led to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through increased amount of NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 proteins, due to increased physical interaction between Nox2 and canonical transient receptor potential 3 (TRPC3). This ATP-mediated formation of TRPC3-Nox2 complex was also pathophysiologically involved in nutritional deficiency-induced NRCM atrophy. Strikingly, knockdown of either TRPC3 or Nox2 suppressed nutritional deficiency-induced ATP release, as well as ROS production and NRCM atrophy. Taken together, we propose that TRPC3-Nox2 axis, activated by extracellular ATP, is the key component that mediates nutritional deficiency-induced cardiomyocyte atrophy.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-46252-2

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Chronic exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental electrophilic pollutant, reportedly increases the risk of human cardiac events. We report that exposure to a low, non-neurotoxic dose of MeHg precipitated heart failure induced by pressure overload in mice. Exposure to MeHg at 10 ppm did not induce weight loss typical of higher doses but caused mitochondrial hyperfission in myocardium through the activation of Drp1 by its guanine nucleotide exchange factor filamin-A. Treatment of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with cilnidipine, an inhibitor of the interaction between Drp1 and filamin-A, suppressed mitochondrial hyperfission caused by low-dose MeHg exposure. Modification of cysteine residues in proteins with polysulfides is important for redox signaling and mitochondrial homeostasis in mammalian cells. We found that MeHg targeted rat Drp1 at Cys624, a redox-sensitive residue whose SH side chain forms a bulky and nucleophilic polysulfide (Cys624-S(n)H). MeHg exposure induced the depolysulfidation of Cys624-S(n)H in Drp1, which led to filamin-dependent activation of Drp1 and mitochondrial hyperfission. Treatment with NaHS, which acts as a donor for reactive polysulfides, reversed MeHg-evoked Drp1 depolysulfidation and vulnerability to mechanical load in rodent and human cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts. These results suggest that depolysulfidation of Drp1 at Cys624-S(n)H by low-dose MeHg increases cardiac fragility to mechanical load through filamin-dependent mitochondrial hyperfission.

DOI： 10.1126/scisignal.aaw1920

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), and TNF-α play important roles in human inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between Toll-like receptor 4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the severity of chronic gastrointestinal diseases in dogs. We examined the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, and rectum obtained from 21 dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease, high-grade lymphoma, food responsive enteropathy, chronic pancreatitis, low-grade lymphoma, inflammatory colorectal polyp, and chronic colitis. Next, we demonstrated whether there is good correlation between the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the histopathological analysis of each sample. We found that the level of TLR4 expression in the ileum of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease was positively associated with the histopathological severity. We also found that the level of NOD2 expression in the duodenum, stomach, and rectum was positively associated with the histopathological severity. However, there was no correlation between TNF-α expression in the 5 regions tested in this study and the histopathological severity. These findings indicate that TLR4 and NOD2 are remarkably associated with the severity of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs.

DOI： 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.003

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Organ-organ crosstalk is involved in homeostasis. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with renal failure. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic kidney disease. We performed studies in C57BL/6 mice with chronic kidney disease after 5/6 nephrectomy. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated by assessing the ex vivo responses of ileum and distal colon strips to electrical field stimulation. Feces were collected from mice, and the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Mice with chronic kidney disease after 5/6 nephrectomy showed a decreased amount of stool, and this constipation was correlated with a suppressed contraction response in ileum motility and decreased relaxation response in distal colon motility. Spermine, one of the uremic toxins, inhibited the contraction response in ileum motility, but four types of uremic toxins showed no effect on the relaxation response in distal colon motility. The 5/6 nephrectomy procedure disturbed the balance of the gut microbiota in the mice. The motility dysregulation and constipation were resolved by antibiotic treatments. The expression levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and iNOS in 5/6 nephrectomy mice were increased in the distal colon but not in the ileum. In addition, macrophage infiltration in 5/6 nephrectomy mice was increased in the distal colon but not in the ileum. We found that 5/6 nephrectomy altered gastrointestinal motility and caused constipation by changing the gut microbiota and causing colonic inflammation. These findings indicate that renal failure was remarkably associated with gastrointestinal dysregulation.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.27408

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Physical exercise yields beneficial effects on all types of muscle cells, which are essential for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and good blood circulation. Daily moderate exercise increases systemic antioxidative capacity, which can lead to the prevention of the onset and progression of oxidative stress-related diseases. Therefore, exercise is now widely accepted as one of the best therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemic (hypoxic) diseases. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins are non-selective cation channels activated by mechanical stress and/or stimulation of phospholipase C-coupled surface receptors. TRPC channels, especially diacylglycerol-activated TRPC channels (TRPC3 and TRPC6; TRPC3/6), play a key role in the development of cardiovascular remodeling. We have recently found that physical interaction between TRPC3 and NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 under hypoxic stress promotes Nox2-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mediates rodent cardiac plasticity, and inhibition of the TRPC3-Nox2 protein complex results in enhancement of myocardial compliance and flexibility similar to that observed in exercise-treated hearts. In this review, we describe current understanding of the roles of TRPC channels in striated muscle (patho)physiology and propose that targeting TRPC-based protein complexes could be a new strategy to imitate exercise therapy.

DOI： 10.1007/s00424-018-2211-3

PubMed

Gタンパク質共役型受容体(GPCR)は、細胞外の環境変化に伴う物理化学的刺激を認識し、細胞内に適応するための情報を伝達する'センサー'タンパク質の1つである。GPCRは薬の最有力標的分子として世界中で研究され続けられているものの、われわれが普段から口にする食事がGPCRに及ぼす影響については、いまだ十分には解き明かされていない。本稿では、機能性食品成分によるGPCRのアティピカルな機能修飾から、食が自然治癒力を高める分子機構を読み解く。(著者抄録)

CiNii Article

シルニジピンが心筋梗塞(MI)後のミトコンドリア過分裂を抑制する分子機構の解明と、シルニジピンの難治性疾患への適応拡大の可能性の検証を目的とした。MIモデルマウスにおいて、Drp1をノックダウンさせることでほぼ完全に早期老化誘導が抑制されたことから、Drp1を介するミトコンドリア過剰分裂が心筋早期老化を仲介することが示唆された。そこでDrp1阻害活性を持つ既承認薬のスクリーニングを行ったところ、高血圧治療薬として使われるジヒドロピリジン(DHP)系Ca2+拮抗薬の一つであるシルニジピンがミトコンドリア分裂を顕著に抑制することを見出した。シルニジピンは、Ca2+チャネル阻害やDrp1直接阻害とは異なる機構が関与していると考えられ、低酸素ストレス依存的にDrp1と結合するタンパク質を網羅的に調べた結果、アクチン結合タンパク質であるフィラミンA(FLNa)が同定された。検討の結果、FLNaはDrp1の病態特異的なGEFとして働くこと、およびシルニジピンは低酸素(虚血)依存的に生じるDrp1-FLNa相互作用を抑制することで、ミトコンドリア過分裂を伴う心不全進行を抑制する可能性が示された。また、シルニジピンが慢性心不全の予後改善だけでなく、ミトコンドリア機能異常を伴う難治性疾患(筋萎縮性側索硬化症や炎症性腸疾患)の予後改善にも貢献しうることを動物レベルで実証した。シルニジピンが心血管病リスク要因である高血糖を顕著に改善させる作用を持つことも高血圧患者カルテデータの後ろ向き解析から明らかにした。

シルニジピンはジヒドロピリジン系カルシウム拮抗薬のひとつで現在，高血圧症治療薬として使用されている．最近，我々のグループはシルニジピンが過剰なミトコンドリア分裂とそれに伴う心筋老化を抑制し、心筋梗塞後の慢性心不全を改善することを明らかとした．本稿では，シルニジピンの新たな作用を解説しながら，ミトコンドリア品質管理を標的としたシルニジピンの難治性疾患へのドラッグ・リポジショニングの可能性を紹介したい．

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