Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In the trolley problem, a well-known moral dilemma, the intuitive process is believed to increase deontological judgments, while deliberative reasoning is thought to promote utilitarian decisions. Therefore, based on the dual-process model, there seems to be an attempt to save several lives at the expense of a few others in a deliberative manner. This study examines the validity of this argument. To this end, we manipulate decision-making time in the standard trolley dilemma to compare differences among 119 Japanese female undergraduates under three conditions: intuitive judgment, deliberative judgment, and judgment after a group discussion. The current results demonstrate that utilitarian judgments decreased from 52.9% in the intuition condition to 43.7% in the deliberation condition and 37.0% after the discussion. Additional analysis suggests that the decrease in utilitarian judgments may be related to psychological unwillingness to assume responsibility for the lives of others rather than to an increase in deontological judgments. Finally, these results are discussed from an adaptationist perspective.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795732

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

<title>Abstract</title><sec>
<title>Objective</title>
The purpose of this study was to examine the ways that encouraged people to develop positive attitudes and perceptions toward inclusive education. The Japanese special needs education system for students with disabilities has been shifting from a segregated model to a more inclusive form which is the major challenge facing educational systems around the world. While support for inclusive practices has grown rapidly in Japan, their implementation requires more attention. Considering these situations, in the current study, we experimentally manipulated future-oriented thinking and examined whether positive perceptions about inclusive education was enhanced if people acknowledged and realized that an inclusive society may improve the long-term welfare of not only people with disabilities but also people without disabilities or functional limitations.


</sec><sec>
<title>Results</title>
Our results partially confirmed that future-oriented thinking encouraged positive perceptions of inclusive education. It increased only when participants thought about the future employment of people with/without disabilities. No significant effects were found for the present orientation or control conditions.


</sec>

DOI： 10.1186/s13104-021-05882-4

Other URL： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13104-021-05882-4/fulltext.html

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of individuals’ help-seeking preference (HSP) and their collective perception of the organizational climate in school on teachers’ mental health. Previous studies demonstrated that HSP was negatively associated with risk of burnout, suggesting that teachers who hesitate to seek help from their colleagues are more likely to have mental health problems. Thus, the current study hypothesized that a collegial organizational climate would be negatively associated with burnout. To test this hypothesis, we developed a scale to measure schoolteachers’ collective perception of their organizational climate (Study 1), and the newly developed scale was used to assess its relationship with HSP and teachers’ burnout risk (Study 2). The results demonstrated that younger teachers, a low level of help-seeking, and a less collaborative climate increased the risk of burnout. The results also showed a significant interaction effect, indicating that HSP was less closely associated with teachers’ burnout risk if their organization was perceived as having a collegial climate. These findings clearly show how the social environment of a school’s organizational climate can affect schoolteachers’ mental health in Japan.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737125

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It has been suggested by various studies that between-group cooperation is more difficult to achieve than within-group cooperation. To investigate the factors that inhibit between-group cooperation, the reputation of a universalist, who cooperates beyond group boundaries, was considered. If the universalists were to be evaluated negatively, people would hesitate to cooperate beyond group boundaries. To examine this possibility, a comparison was drawn between the evaluation of people who employed the universalistic strategy and those who employed the in-group favoring strategy (who cooperates only with in-group members) by conducting a vignette experiment. In the experiment, participants evaluated two in-group members: one employed the in-group favoring strategy, and the other employed the universalistic strategy. In addition to the type of strategy, a trade-off between what in-group members received and what out-group members received was manipulated. Two studies were conducted by varying the universalistic strategy. The universalistic strategy meant giving resources equally to both group members in Study 1, and it meant maximizing the joint profit between the groups in Study 2. The results across the two studies suggest that the universalistic strategy was evaluated more positively than the in-group favoring strategy, with the exception that the in-group favoring strategy was chosen as the same group member in the future. Whether there was a trade-off had little effect on the evaluations of the two strategies. Consequently, this study suggests that the negative reputation of universalists might not be a factor that inhibited between-group cooperation.

DOI： 10.5178/lebs.2021.89

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The current study examined cross-generational differences in both independent and interdependent self-construal. Two studies using samples from across Japan that included a wide age range demonstrated that, with increasing age, Japanese respondents scored higher on independence, which was measured by a self-expression scale, and lower on interdependence, as measured by a rejection avoidance scale. Furthermore, these cross-over effects were not observed with regard to participants' preferences (i.e., the ideal state of the self), but were only observed in their actual selves (i.e., the actual state of the self). These results suggest that the Japanese, especially younger generations, cannot help but behave in an interdependent way despite being eager to be independent.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676526

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

While the special needs education system in Japan has shifted from a segregated approach to a more inclusive one, the actual implementation of this approach may be less than ideal. The implementation of inclusive education faces several challenges, such as difficulty in meeting individual needs and lack of medical support systems in general school settings. With this in mind, we conducted a web-based survey of Japanese schoolteachers to empirically examine their attitudes and perceptions regarding inclusive education. We also sought to determine the socio-environmental and individual factors that affect the attitudes and perceptions of Japanese elementary and junior high school teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive education. Survey results showed that schoolteachers regard the idea of inclusive education as desirable, but not feasible. However, we found that schoolteachers' perceptions of the feasibility of inclusive education implementation were positively associated with their help-seeking preference if they perceived their climate as being sufficiently collegial. Based on these findings, we discuss the educational environment in which inclusive education could be successfully implemented.

DOI： 10.3389/feduc.2020.587266

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   International / domestic magazine：International journal  

Based on the group heuristic model and the model of intuitive cooperation, we hypothesized that in-group favoritism would be conspicuously shown through an intuitive process. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a minimal group paradigm, which is traditionally used in social psychological studies, and manipulated decision time in a one-shot prisoner's dilemma game to compare the cooperative contribution level toward in-group and out-group members under three conditions: intuitive, empathic deliberation, and rational deliberation. Our findings confirmed that in-group favoritism was clearly shown in the intuitive condition only, suggesting that the intuitive cooperation model may only be valid in the context of social exchange with in-group members. Additional analysis also showed that in-group favoritism disappeared for participants who had been forced into empathic or rational deliberation for decision making. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603117

PubMed

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The current study sought to examine the association between the level of general trust and the judgment accuracy of others’ cooperativeness. Based on data collected from 107 female first-year undergraduate students, we demonstrated that a high level of general trust was associated with a high level of judgment accuracy of group members’ cooperation in a social dilemma game. Additional analysis suggested that the association was present even when the judgment accuracy was divided into hit rate (i.e., the rate of correct judgment on the cooperator as a cooperative) and correct rejection rate (i.e., the rate of correct judgment on the non-cooperator as a non-cooperative) by controlling the participants’ judgment bias, Big Five personality traits, and the proportion of cooperators in the group. These results are in accordance with previous studies insofar as they suggest that high trusters are more skilled at discerning others’ trustworthiness. The current study adds to the evidence that high trusters have increased cognitive skills and supports Yamagishi’s emancipation theory of trust.

DOI： 10.5178/lebs.2020.77

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.1815

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1177/0146167218802832

PubMed