DOI： 10.1292/jvms.23-0372

PubMed

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

DOI： 10.1099/acmi.0.000354

PubMed

共著区分：共著   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Several outbreaks of E. albertii have occurred, particularly in Japan. Although birds have been considered as one of the most important reservoirs of this bacterium, information regarding its prevalence in birds is still scarce. We performed a survey of E. albertii in wild birds in Japan and examined the characteristics of these isolates. E. albertii-specific genes were detected in five cloacal swabs from 156 birds by PCR. Four E. albertii strains were isolated from a swallow with two different E. albertii strains and two pigeons in a flock using XRM-MacConkey agar. These isolates were assigned to biogroup 3, showed no resistance to any tested antimicrobials, and were classified into two EAO-genotypes (EAOg2 and EAOg33) and were untypable. Similar to clinical E. albertii strains, these isolates carried virulence genes, including eae (n = 4), paa (n = 4), Eccdt-I (n = 2), and stx2f (n = 1), as well as Eacdt. Furthermore, stx2f genes in a strain were located on an inducible bacteriophage, which can confer the ability to produce Stx2f in E. coli. In conclusion, Japanese wild birds carried E. albertii at levels similar to the reported prevalence in birds. These isolates may have the potential to cause gastroenteritis in humans.

DOI： 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.355

PubMed

大阪市と高知市の野鳥を対象にEscherichia albertii保有状況を調べた。ハトのクロアカスワブ検体129件と13種類の野鳥のクロアカスワブ検体27件を使用した。増菌培養後、Eacdt遺伝子を標的としたPCRでスクリーニングし、陽性検体をXRM-マッコンキー寒天培地またはマッコンキー寒天培地で培養した。その結果、ツバメ2羽(7.4%)、ハト3羽(2.3%)がPCR陽性となり、全体の検出率は3.2%(5/156)であった。培養検査ではツバメ1羽とハト2羽からE.albertiiが分離された。PFGE解析により、ハト由来株は同一クローン株、ツバメ由来株から2つのクローン株が確認された。分離4株は生物グループ3に割り当てられ、供試16種抗菌薬に感受性を示した。O抗原遺伝子型はツバメ由来2株が型別不能とEAOg2、ハト由来2株はEAOg33であった。分離4株はEacdtの他にeaeとpaaを保有していた。さらにツバメ由来1株はstx2f、ハト由来2株はEccdt-I遺伝子を保有していた。4株のインチミンサブタイプは多様であったが、LEE病原性アイランドの統合部位はphe Uのみであった。マイトマイシンC存在下、プラークアッセイによる溶原化ファージ誘発の結果、stx2fは誘発性ファージ上に位置し、ファージはレシピエント大腸菌にStx2f産生能を付与した。ドナー株のベロ毒素力価が増強された。

日本で食品添加物として認可されているShellCoatが、急性呼吸器症候群の原因ウイルスであるSARS-CoV-2を不活性化できるか検討した。有機化合物ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)の存在下で、SARS-CoV-2に対するShellCoatの抗ウイルス効果も評価した。濃縮SARS-CoV-2をFBSの存在下または不在下で、10秒間ShellCoatで処理すると、ウイルス価は50%組織培養感染力/mL(TCID50/mL)のlog値が4以上低下した。同条件で20秒以上処理すると、ウイルス価は検出限界(logTCID50/m=2.1)以下となった。以上より、ShellCoatは有機物質の存在下でも、SARS-CoV-2に対する強力な抗ウイルス物質であると考えられた。

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1111/lam.13646

その他URL： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/lam.13646

担当区分：筆頭著者   共著区分：共著   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   共著区分：共著  

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

It is well known that black and green tea extracts, particularly polyphenols, have antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes including viruses. However, there is limited data on the antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged rapidly in China in late 2019 and which has been responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally. In this study, 20 compounds and three extracts were obtained from black and green tea and found that three tea extracts showed significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, whereby the viral titre decreased about 5 logs TCID50 per ml by 1·375 mg ml−1 black tea extract and two-fold diluted tea bag infusion obtained from black tea when incubated at 25°C for 10 s. However, when concentrations of black and green tea extracts were equally adjusted to 344 µg ml−1, green tea extracts showed more antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. This simple and highly respected beverage may be a cheap and widely acceptable means to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral burden in the mouth and upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in developed as well as developing countries.

DOI： 10.1111/lam.13591

その他URL： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/lam.13591

担当区分：筆頭著者   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

SARS-CoV-2, an acute respiratory syndrome-causing virus, suddenly emerged at the end of 2019 in China, and rapidly spread all over the world. In this study, we examined whether a calcinated calcium solution (ShellCoat) , which has been approved as a food additive in Japan can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, antiviral activity of ShellCoat against SARS-CoV-2 was also evaluated in the presence of organic matter, namely, fetal bovine serum (FBS) . When concentrated SARS-CoV-2 were treated with ShellCoat for 10 sec in presence or absence of FBS as organic matters, the viral titer was decreased more than 4 logs 50% tissue culture infective dose per mL (TCID50/mL) but use of ShellCoat for 20 sec or more under similar experimental conditions the viral titer was below the detection limit (≦2.1 logs TCID50/mL) . These results clearly indicate that the ShellCoat is a powerful antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 even in the presence of organic matters.

DOI： 10.4265/bio.27.53

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109540

共著区分：共著   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) abruptly emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019 and rapidly spread globally to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we examined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the potent disinfectant Cleverin, the major disinfecting component of which is chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and the results were compared with that of sodium hypochlorite in the presence or absence of 0.5% or 1.0% fetal bovine serum (FBS). When SARS-CoV-2 viruses were treated with 0.8 ppm ClO2 or sodium hypochlorite, viral titre was decreased only by 1 log TCID50/mL in 3 min. However, the viral titre was decreased by more than 4 logs TCID50/mL when treated with 80 ppm of each chemical for 10 sec regardless of presence or absence of FBS. It should be emphasized that treatment with 24 ppm of ClO2 inactivated more than 99.99% SARS-CoV-2 within 10 sec or 99.99% SARS-CoV-2 in 1 min in the presence of 0.5% or 1.0% FBS, respectively. In contrast, 24 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was able to inactivate only 99% or 90% SARS-CoV-2 in 3 min under similar conditions. Notably, except ClO2 the other components of Cleverin such as sodium chlorite, decaglycerol monolaurate and silicone showed no significant antiviral activity. Altogether, the results strongly suggest that although ClO2 and sodium hypochlorite are strong antiviral agents in absence of organic matters but in presence of organic matters ClO2 is a more potent antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 than sodium hypochlorite.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.006

PubMed

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

AIM: A novel coronavirus, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suddenly appeared in Wuhan, China and has caused pandemic. In this study, we evaluated antiviral activity of purified hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution against coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) responsible for pig diseases. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: In a suspension test, 28.1 ppm HClO solution inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with the reduction of 104 of 50% tissue culture infectious dose/mL (TCID50 /mL) within 10 sec. When its concentration increased to 59.4 ppm, the virus titer decreased to below the detection limit (reduction of 5 logs TCID50 ) within 10 sec even in the presence of 0.1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). In a carrier test, incubation with 125 ppm HClO solution for 10 min or 250 ppm for 5 min inactivated SARS-CoV-2 by more than 4 logs TCID50 /mL or below the detection limit. Since the titer of TGEV was 10 fold higher, TGEV was used for SARS-CoV-2 in a suspension test. As expected, 56.3 ppm HClO solution inactivated TGEV by 6 logs TCID50 within 30 sec. CONCLUSIONS: In a carrier test 125 ppm HClO solution for 10 min incubation is adequate to inactivate 4 logs TCID50 /mL of SARS-CoV-2 or more while in a suspension test 56.3 ppm HClO is adequate to inactivate 5 logs TCID50 /mL of SARS-CoV-2 when incubated for only 10 sec regardless of presence or absence of organic matter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Effectiveness of HClO solution against SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated by both suspension and carrier tests. HClO solution inactivated SARS-CoV-2 by 5 logs TCID50 within 10 sec. HClO solution has several advantages such as none toxicity, none irritation to skin and none flammable. Thus, HClO solution can be used as a disinfectant for SARS-CoV-2.

DOI： 10.1111/jam.15284

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The mcr-1 gene in 125 ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria obtained from animal products was screened and the location and transferability of the mcr-1 gene were examined. The mcr-1 gene was detected by PCR in one Escherichia coli isolate (RC263) obtained from hard cheese made from raw milk. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the strain RC263 was phenotypically multidrug-resistant with colistin and nine other antimicrobials. Further genetic analysis indicated that this isolate also harboured the blaTEM and blaCTX-M-9 genes. S1-PFGE followed by Southern blotting verified that the mcr-1 gene was located on an approximately 153 kb plasmid. The plasmid was transferred to a recipient E. coli strain by conjugation, suggesting that the mcr-1 gene may spread to other Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, ESBL-producing E. coli carrying a transferable plasmid with mcr-1 gene was present in hard cheese in Egypt.

DOI： 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.104986

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

The aim of the study was to assess the presence of genes in ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) isolated from retail raw food in Nha Trang, Vietnam. A total of 452 food samples comprising chicken (n = 116), pork (n = 112), fish (n = 112) and shrimp (n = 112) collected between 2015 and 2017 were examined for the prevalence of ESBL-Ec. ESBL-Ec were detected in 46.0% (208/452) of retail food samples, particularly in 66.4% (77/116), 55.4% (62/112), 42.0% (47/112) 19.6% (22/112) of chicken, pork, fish and shrimp, respectively. Sixty-five out of the 208 (31.3%) ESBL-Ec isolates were positive for mcr genes including mcr-1, mcr-3 and both mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes in 56/208 (26.9%), 1/208 (0.5%) and 8/208 (3.9%) isolates, respectively. Particularly, there was higher prevalence of mcr-1 in ESBL-Ec isolates from chicken (53.2%, 41/77) in comparison to shrimp (22.7%, 5/22), pork (11.3%, 7/62) and fish (6.4%, 3/47). mcr-3 gene was detected in co-existence with mcr-1 in ESBL-Ec isolates from shrimp (9.1%, 2/22), pork (8.1%, 5/62) and fish (2.1%, 1/47) but not chicken. The 65 mcr-positive ESBL-Ec (mcr-ESBL-Ec) were colistin-resistant with the MICs of 4-8 μg/mL. All mcr-3 gene-positive isolates belonged to group A, whereas phylogenetic group distribution of isolates harboring only mcr-1 was B1 (44.6%), A (28.6%) and D (26.8%). PFGE analysis showed diverse genotypes, although some isolates demonstrated nearly clonal relationships. S1-PFGE and Southern hybridization illustrated that the mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes were located either on chromosomes or on plasmids. However, the types of mcr genes were harbored on different plasmids with varied sizes of 30-390 kb. Besides, the ESBL genes of CTX-M-1 or CTX-M-9 were also detected to be located on plasmids. Noteworthy, co-location of CTX-M-1 with mcr-1 or mcr-3 genes on the same plasmid was identified. The conjugation experiment indicated that the mcr-1 or mcr-3 was horizontally transferable. All mcr-ESBL-Ec isolates were multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Moreover, β-Lactamase-encoding genes of the CTX-M-1 (78.5%), CTX-M-9 (21.5%), TEM (61.5%) groups were found in mcr-ESBL-Ec. The astA gene was detected in 27 (41.5%) mcr-ESBL-Ec isolates demonstrating their potential virulence. In conclusion, mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes existed individually or concurrently in ESBL-Ec isolates recovered from retail raw food in Nha Trang city, which might further complicate the antimicrobial-resistant situation in Vietnam, and is a possible health risk for human.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109164

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

In this study, we investigated the prevalence, serovar distribution, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates from vegetable, fruit, and water samples in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Salmonella was detected in 75% (30/40), 57.1% (12/21), 17.5% (28/160), and 2.5% (1/40) of river water, irrigation water, vegetable, and ice water samples, respectively. However, no Salmonella was isolated from 160 fruit and 40 tap water samples examined. A total of 102 isolates obtained from 71 samples belonged to 34 different serovars, of which Salmonella Rissen was the most prevalent, followed by Salmonella London, Salmonella Hvittingfoss, and Salmonella Weltevreden. Certain Salmonella serovars such as Newport, Rissen, and Weltevreden were isolated from both vegetable and water samples. Antimicrobial resistance was most commonly observed against tetracycline (35.3%), followed by chloramphenicol (34.3%), ampicillin (31.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23.5%), and nalidixic acid (10.8%). Of 102 isolates analyzed, 52 (51%) showed resistance to at least 1 antimicrobial class whereas 27 (26.5%) showed multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype, being resistant to at least three different classes of antimicrobials. Determination of the presence and type of β-lactamase genes showed the cooccurrence of blaTEM-1 and blaCMY-2 in one Salmonella Agona isolate from a river water sample. Taken together, these data indicated that both environmental water and vegetables were contaminated with Salmonella, including MDR strains, and that environmental water used in irrigation might have been the source of Salmonella contamination in the vegetables.

DOI： 10.1089/fpd.2020.2891

PubMed

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国内誌  

The aims of this study were to investigate prevalence, O-genotype, and virulence gene profile including Shiga toxin (Stx) 2 gene-subtype of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle from the Bahía Blanca in Argentina. Rectal swabs were collected from 283 beef cattle in 2012. stx genes were detected in 90 (32%) out of the 283 rectal swabs by stx gene-specific PCR assay. The positive cases were 13 with stx1, 58 with stx2, and 19 with both stx1 and stx2. Among 90 stx gene-positive samples, 45 STEC strains were isolated, which included 3 stx1, 34 stx2, and eight stx1 and stx2 genes positive isolates. O-genotyping grouped 45 STEC strains into 19 different O-genotypes such as Og8, Og145, Og171, Og185 (4 from each), Og22, Og153, Og157 (3 from each) and others. Various stx2 gene-subtypes were identified in 42 STEC strains: 13 positive cases for stx2a, 11 for stx2c, 3 for stx2g, 10 for stx2a and stx2d, 4 for stx2a and stx2c, and 1 for stx2b, stx2c and stx2g. efaI gene, generally prevalent in clinical strains, was detected in relatively high in the STEC strains. These data suggest that stx2a and stx2c were distributed not only in O145 and O157 but also in minor O-genotypes of STEC in Argentina.

DOI： 10.1292/jvms.21-0002

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Introduction. Cholix toxin (ChxA) is an ADP-ribosylating exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. However, to date, there is no quantitative assay available for ChxA, which makes it difficult to detect and estimate the level of ChxA produced by V. cholerae.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. It is important to develop a reliable and specific quantitative assay to measure the production level of ChxA, which will help us to understand the role of ChxA in V. cholerae pathogenesis.Aim. The aim of this study was to develop a bead-based sandwich ELISA (bead-ELISA) for the quantification of ChxA and to evaluate the importance of ChxA in the pathogenesis of V. cholerae infection.Methodology. Anti-rChxA was raised in New Zealand white rabbits, and Fab-horse radish peroxidase conjugate was prepared by the maleimide method to use in the bead-ELISA. This anti-ChxA bead-ELISA was applied to quantify the ChxA produced by various V. cholerae strains. The production of ChxA was examined in different growth media such as alkaline peptone water (APW), Luria-Bertani broth and AKI. Finally, the assay was evaluated using a mouse lethality assay with representative V. cholerae strains categorized as low to high ChxA-producers based on anti-ChxA bead-ELISA.Results. A sensitive bead-ELISA assay, which can quantify from 0.6 to 60 ng ml-1 of ChxA, was developed. ChxA was mostly detected in the extracellular cell-free supernatant and its production level varied from 1.2 ng ml-1 to 1.6 µg ml-1. The highest ChxA production was observed when V. cholerae strains were cultured in LB broth, but not in APW or AKI medium. The ChxA-producer V. cholerae strains showed 20-80 % lethality and only the high ChxA II-producer was statistically more lethal than a non-ChxA-producer, in the mice model assay. ChxA I and II production levels were not well correlated with mice lethality, and this could be due to the heterogeneity of the strains tested.Conclusion. ChxA I to III was produced mostly extracellularly at various levels depending on strains and culture conditions. The bead-ELISA developed in this study is useful for the detection and quantification of ChxA in V. cholerae strains.

DOI： 10.1099/jmm.0.001311

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Natural reservoirs of Escherichia albertii remain unclear. In this study, we detected E. albertii by PCR in 248 (57.7%) of 430 raccoons from Osaka, Japan, and isolated 143 E. albertii strains from the 62 PCR-positive samples. These data indicate that raccoons could be a natural reservoir of E. albertii in Japan.

DOI： 10.3201/eid2606.191436

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Escherichia albertii has increasingly been recognized as an emerging pathogen. However, lack of selective medium for E. albertii is the bottleneck for clinical and epidemiological investigations. In this study, a selective medium for E. albertii named XRM-MacConkey agar, which is modified MacConkey agar supplemented with xylose (X), rhamnose (R), and melibiose (M) instead of lactose, was developed and evaluated. All 49 E. albertii and 6 different species out of 23 grew as colorless colonies, whereas 17 remaining species grew as red colonies. Detection limit of E. albertii by this medium was 105 CFU/g stool when examined with spiked healthy human stool. Furthermore, colorless colonies on XRM-MacConkey agar obtained from 7 E. albertii-positive diarrheal stools were consistently E. albertii. In contrast, 57%, 18%, and 36% colorless colonies on MacConkey, DHL, and mEA agars, respectively, were non-E. albertii. We concluded that XRM-MacConkey agar could specifically be used for isolation of E. albertii.

DOI： 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115006

PubMed

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Foodborne disease caused by campylobacters is one of the major global problems for food safety. Infection source of Campylobacter to human is mainly through contaminated meat particularly chicken. Contamination of meat with Campylobacter usually occurs during processing at slaughterhouse and to prevent such contaminations, sodium hypochlorite is commonly used. However, it is well known that bactericidal activity of sodium hypochlorite becomes weak under organic matter rich conditions. In this study, we compared the strength of bactericidal activity of chlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains under organic matter rich conditions. Bactericidal activity against 5 representative C. jejuni and C. coli strains in chicken juice (an organic matter rich condition) showed that minimum concentration of chlorous acid required for complete killing of C. jejuni and C. coli cells is 200–400 ppm while that of sodium hypochlorite is 2,000 to 4,000 ppm. Similar results were obtained by using Bolton broth. Furthermore, it was observed that 400 ppm of chlorous acid but not 400 ppm of sodium hypochlorite is highly effective in killing of 25 different Campylobacter strains (12 C. jejuni and 13 C. coli strains) under the same conditions. To determine whether 400 ppm of chlorous acid treatment had killed bacterial cells or induced them into viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, live and dead cell assay using DAPI and propidium iodide fluorescent dyes was done. Such assay clearly indicated that Campylobacter cells were indeed killed and not induced to VBNC state. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-cell lysates of campylobacters indicated distinct effects in protein profiles of chlorous acid but not sodium hypochlorite treated cells. The results strongly suggest that chlorous acid could efficiently kill C. jejuni and C. coli cells with much lower concentration than sodium hypochlorite and the bactericidal mechanisms of chlorous acid may be due to damages of bacterial proteins. Thus, chlorous acid could be a better disinfectant in chicken slaughtering and processing to kill campylobacters and prevent contamination.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107046

担当区分：筆頭著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   国際・国内誌：国際誌  

A specific identification protocol for Escherichia albertii by using a MALDI-TOF/MS method was developed. For this purpose, a novel database was established which can differentiate E. albertii from E. coli by combining the mass spectra obtained from 58 E. albertii and 36 E. coli strains.

DOI： 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105916

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

国際・国内誌：国際誌  

Many Escherichia albertii isolates, an emerging pathogen of human and birds, might have been misidentified due to the difficulty of differentiating this bacterium from Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. by routine biochemical tests, resulting in underestimation of E. albertii infections. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that targets E. albertii cytolethal distending toxin (Eacdt) genes, which include the genes previously identified as Escherichia coli cdt-II. This assay could generate a single 449-bp PCR product in each of 67 confirmed E. albertii strains but failed to produce PCR product from any of the tested non-E. albertii enteric strains belonging to 37 different species, indicating 100% sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay. The detection limit was 10 CFU per PCR tube and could detect 105 CFU E. albertii per gram of spiked healthy human stool. The Eacdt gene-based PCR could be useful for simple, rapid, and accurate detection and identification of E. albertii.

DOI： 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.018

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.012

PubMed

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

共著区分：共著  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表  

会議種別：ポスター発表